Guidelines and examples for these three systems are to be found in the manuals of those associations. The AMA uses a numbered list of references cited in the text by reference number the text numbers appear as superior figures like note reference numbers. For journals, the choice between systems is likely to have been made long ago anyone writing for a journal should consult the specific journal’s instructions to authors (and see 14.3).Īmong other well-known systems are those of the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA), both of which use in-text citations (described in chapter 15), and that of the American Medical Association (AMA). The author-date system is preferred for many publications in the sciences and social sciences but may be adapted for any work, sometimes with the addition of footnotes or endnotes. Chicago’s other system-which uses parenthetical author-date references and a corresponding reference list as described in chapter 15-is nearly identical in content but differs in form. Because of this flexibility, the notes and bibliography system is preferred by many writers in literature, history, and the arts. The notes allow space for unusual types of sources as well as for commentary on the sources cited, making this system extremely flexible. This chapter describes the first of Chicago’s two systems of source citation, which uses notes, whether footnotes or endnotes or both, usually together with a bibliography. Regardless of the convention being followed, source citations must always provide sufficient information either to lead readers directly to the sources consulted or, for materials that may not be readily available, to enable readers to positively identify them, regardless of whether the sources are published or unpublished or in printed or electronic form.ġ4.2 Chicago’s two systems of source citation Conventions for citing sources vary according to scholarly discipline, the preferences of publishers and authors, and the needs of a particular work. 14: Notes and Bibliography Source Citations: An OverviewĮthics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations or paraphrases and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked (see 13.1–6).
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